Le Développement De Grammaires électroniques Processus, Modèles Et Outils
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Publié-e :
jun 19, 2017
Mots-clés :
linguistique computationnelle - grammaires électroniques - système LKB - HPSG.
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Résumé
Cet article décrit le processus de développement de grammaires électroniques et les outils qui s’y rapportent. Ce processus fait intervenir: la linguistique descriptive pour décrire et analyser un phénomène de langue, ensuite la linguistique formelle pour modéliser le phénomène déjà décrit et enfin la linguistique computationnelle pour implémenter, valider et évaluer les descriptions modélisées. Chacun de ces domaines proposent un ensemble d’outils. Le choix des outils adéquats dépend en premier lieu du cadre théorique adopté par le concepteur et qui peut être les grammaires de dépendance, les grammaires de constituants, etc. En optant pour les grammaires de constituants, par exemple, nous aurons à choisir entre l’hypothèse DP et l’hypothèse NP. L’article met l’accent sur certain outils actuellement proposés dans le cadre de l’analyse NP : les critères de Zwicky, les grammaires HPSG et le système LKB.
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MAMMERI, M. F. (2017). Le Développement De Grammaires électroniques Processus, Modèles Et Outils. AL-Lisaniyyat, 23(1), 51-74. https://doi.org/10.61850/allj.v23i1.265
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Références
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- Abeillé, A. & Blache P. (2000). «Grammaires et analyseurs syntaxiques». In J.-M. Pierrel (Ed.), Ingénierie des Langues (pp. 51-76). Paris: Hermès. - Abney, S. P. (1987). The English Noun Phrase in its Sentential Aspect. PhD thesis, MIT, Cambridge, MA.
Anderson, Stephen R. (1988). Morphological Theory. In F. Newmeyer (Ed.), Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey, Vol (1), 146-191. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Bender, E. M. & Flickinger, D. (2005). Rapid prototyping of scalable gram- mars: Towards modularity in extensions to a language-independent core. In Dale R., Wong K. F., Su J. and Kwong O. Y. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing IJCNLP-05 (Posters/Demos) (pp. 203-8). Jeju Island, Korea.
- Bender, E.M., Flickinger, D.P. and Oepen, S. (2002). The grammar matrix: An open-source starter-kit for the rapid development of cross-linguistically consistent broad-coverage precision grammars. In Carroll, J., Oostdijk, N. and Sutcliffe, R. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar En- gineering and Evaluation at the 19th International Conference on Compu- tational Linguistics (pp. 8-14), Taipei, Taiwan.
Blache P. (1999). Contraintes et théories linguistiques: des Grammaires d'Unification aux Grammaires de Propriété. Université Paris 7. Habilita- tion à diriger des recherches.
- Bloomfield, L. (1933). Language. London: Allen and Unwin.
- Butt M., King T. H., Nino M.-E. and Segond F. 1999. A Grammar Writer's Cookbook. In CSLI Lecture Notes, N°95, Stanford, CA: CSLI Publica- tions.
- Chomsky N. (1957). Syntactic structures. La Haye: Mouton.
- Chomsky, N. (1970). Remarks on nominalization. In Jacobs, R. A. & Rosenbaum, P. S. (Eds.), Readings in English Transformational Grammar, chapter (12), 184-221. Waltham, Massachusetts: Ginn and Company.
- Chomsky, N. (1981). Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
- Copestake A. & Flickinger D.P. (2000). An open source grammar develop- ment environment and broad coverage English grammar using HPSG. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation. Athens, Greece.
Copestake A. (2002). Implementing Typed Feature Structure Grammars. In CSLI Lecture Notes, N°110. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications,
- Copestake, A., Flickinger, D., Pollard, C. and Sag, 1. A. (2005). Minimal Re- cursion Semantics: An introduction. Research on Language and Computa- tion, 3 (2-3), 281-332.
Cori, M. (2003). La mathématisation des formalismes syntaxiques, Linx [En ligne], 48, pp.13-28, mis en ligne le 01 octobre 2003. URL: http://linx.re- vues.org/117; DOI: 10.4000/linx.117
- Debusmann R. (2006). Extensible Dependency Grammar: A Modular Gram- mar Formalism Based On Multigraph Description. PhD thesis, Saarland Uni- versity.
- Debusmann R. & Duchier D. (2005). Manual of the XDG Development Kit.
- Drellishak, S. & Bender, E, M. (2005). A Coordination Module for a Cross- linguistic Grammar Resource. In Stefan Müller (Ed.), The Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (pp. 108-128). Stanford: CSLI Publications.
-Gaifman H. (1965). Dependency systems and phrase-structure systems. Infor-
mation and Control, Vol (18), 304-337. - Hays D. (1960). Grouping and dependency theories. Technical report RM- 2646, Rand Corporation.
Hays D. (1964). Dependency theory: A formalism and some observations. Language, 40(4), 511-525.
Joshi, A. K., Levy L. S. and Takahashi M. (1975). Tree Adjunct Grammars. Journal of Computer and Systems Sciences, 10(1), 55-75.
- Joshi, A. K. (1987). An Introduction to Tree Adjoining Grammars. In Manas- ter-Ramer, A. (Ed.), Mathematics of Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Kaplan, R. M. & Maxwell, J. T. (1996). LFG grammar writer's workbench. Technical report, Xerox Corporation. ftp://ftp.parc.xerox.com/pub/lfg.
- Kaplan, R. M. & Bresnan, J. (1982). Lexical-Functional Grammar: A formal system for grammatical representation. In Joan Bresnan (Ed.), The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relations (pp. 173-281). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Reprinted in Dalrymple, Kaplan, Maxwell and Zaenen (Eds.), Formal Issues in Lexical-Functional Grammar (pp. 29-130). Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information. 1995
Meurers, W. D., Penn, G. and Richter, F. (2002). A Web-Based Instructional Plat-form for Constraint-Based Grammar Formalisms and Parsing. In Dra- gomir Radev & Chris Brew (Eds.), Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching NLP and CL, (pp. 18-25).
Müller, S. (2007). The Grammix CD Rom. A Software Collection for Develo-
ping Typed Feature Structure Grammars. In Tracy Holloway King & Emily
M. Bender (Eds.), Grammar Engineering across Frameworks 2007, Studies in Computational Linguistics ONLINE. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
-O'Hara, K. (2008). A Morphotactic Infrastructure for a Grammar Customiza- tion System, MA Thesis, University of Washington.
-Oepen, S. (2001). [incr tsdb ()] Competence and performance laboratory. Technical report, DFKI, Saarbrucken, Germany
- Owens, J. (1988). The Foundations of Grammar: An Introduction to Medieval Arabic Grammatical Theory. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
- Paroubek, P., Schabes, Y. and Joshi, A. K. (1992). XTAG A Graphical Workbench for Developing Tree-Adjoining Grammars. 4th Conference On Ap- plied NLP (pp. 223-7). Trento.
Penn, G. (2004). Balancing Clarity and Efficiency in Typed Feature Logic Through Delaying. In Proceedings of the 42nd Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL'04), Main Volume, 239-246. Barcelona, Spain.
- Pollard, C. & Sag, 1.A. (1994). Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. Chi- cago: University of Chicago Press.
- Pollard, C. J. & Sag, 1. A. (1987). Information-based Syntax and Semantics, Vol(1). Stanford: CSLI Publications [Distributed by University of Chicago Press].
- Sag, 1. A., Bender, E. and Wasow, T. (2003). Syntactic Theory: A Formal In- troduction, 2nd Edition. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
Sag, I. A. et Wasow, T. (1999). Syntactic Theory: A Formal Introduction. Stanford, CA: CSLI Lecture Notes, CSLI Publications.
Shieber, S.M. (1990). Les grammaires basées sur l'unification. In Miller, P. & Torris, T. (Eds.), Formalismes syntaxiques pour le traitement automatique du langage naturel (pp. 27-85). Hermès.
- Tesnière, L. (1959). Éléments de syntaxe structurale. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck.
The TRALE project: http://milca.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/A4/Course/trale/
The XLE project: http://www2.parc.com/isl/groups/nltt/xle/
- The XTAG project: http://www.cis.upenn.edu/-xtag
- van Eynde, F. (2006). NP-internal agreement and the structure of the noun phrase. Journal of Linguistics, Vol(42), 139-186.
- Zwicky, A. M. (1977), On Clitics. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Lin- guistic Club.
- Zwicky, A. M. (1985). Heads. Journal of Linguistics, Vol(21), 1-29.
- Abeillé, A. & Blache P. (2000). «Grammaires et analyseurs syntaxiques». In J.-M. Pierrel (Ed.), Ingénierie des Langues (pp. 51-76). Paris: Hermès. - Abney, S. P. (1987). The English Noun Phrase in its Sentential Aspect. PhD thesis, MIT, Cambridge, MA.
Anderson, Stephen R. (1988). Morphological Theory. In F. Newmeyer (Ed.), Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey, Vol (1), 146-191. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Bender, E. M. & Flickinger, D. (2005). Rapid prototyping of scalable gram- mars: Towards modularity in extensions to a language-independent core. In Dale R., Wong K. F., Su J. and Kwong O. Y. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing IJCNLP-05 (Posters/Demos) (pp. 203-8). Jeju Island, Korea.
- Bender, E.M., Flickinger, D.P. and Oepen, S. (2002). The grammar matrix: An open-source starter-kit for the rapid development of cross-linguistically consistent broad-coverage precision grammars. In Carroll, J., Oostdijk, N. and Sutcliffe, R. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar En- gineering and Evaluation at the 19th International Conference on Compu- tational Linguistics (pp. 8-14), Taipei, Taiwan.
Blache P. (1999). Contraintes et théories linguistiques: des Grammaires d'Unification aux Grammaires de Propriété. Université Paris 7. Habilita- tion à diriger des recherches.
- Bloomfield, L. (1933). Language. London: Allen and Unwin.
- Butt M., King T. H., Nino M.-E. and Segond F. 1999. A Grammar Writer's Cookbook. In CSLI Lecture Notes, N°95, Stanford, CA: CSLI Publica- tions.
- Chomsky N. (1957). Syntactic structures. La Haye: Mouton.
- Chomsky, N. (1970). Remarks on nominalization. In Jacobs, R. A. & Rosenbaum, P. S. (Eds.), Readings in English Transformational Grammar, chapter (12), 184-221. Waltham, Massachusetts: Ginn and Company.
- Chomsky, N. (1981). Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
- Copestake A. & Flickinger D.P. (2000). An open source grammar develop- ment environment and broad coverage English grammar using HPSG. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation. Athens, Greece.
Copestake A. (2002). Implementing Typed Feature Structure Grammars. In CSLI Lecture Notes, N°110. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications,
- Copestake, A., Flickinger, D., Pollard, C. and Sag, 1. A. (2005). Minimal Re- cursion Semantics: An introduction. Research on Language and Computa- tion, 3 (2-3), 281-332.
Cori, M. (2003). La mathématisation des formalismes syntaxiques, Linx [En ligne], 48, pp.13-28, mis en ligne le 01 octobre 2003. URL: http://linx.re- vues.org/117; DOI: 10.4000/linx.117
- Debusmann R. (2006). Extensible Dependency Grammar: A Modular Gram- mar Formalism Based On Multigraph Description. PhD thesis, Saarland Uni- versity.
- Debusmann R. & Duchier D. (2005). Manual of the XDG Development Kit.
- Drellishak, S. & Bender, E, M. (2005). A Coordination Module for a Cross- linguistic Grammar Resource. In Stefan Müller (Ed.), The Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (pp. 108-128). Stanford: CSLI Publications.
-Gaifman H. (1965). Dependency systems and phrase-structure systems. Infor-
mation and Control, Vol (18), 304-337. - Hays D. (1960). Grouping and dependency theories. Technical report RM- 2646, Rand Corporation.
Hays D. (1964). Dependency theory: A formalism and some observations. Language, 40(4), 511-525.
Joshi, A. K., Levy L. S. and Takahashi M. (1975). Tree Adjunct Grammars. Journal of Computer and Systems Sciences, 10(1), 55-75.
- Joshi, A. K. (1987). An Introduction to Tree Adjoining Grammars. In Manas- ter-Ramer, A. (Ed.), Mathematics of Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Kaplan, R. M. & Maxwell, J. T. (1996). LFG grammar writer's workbench. Technical report, Xerox Corporation. ftp://ftp.parc.xerox.com/pub/lfg.
- Kaplan, R. M. & Bresnan, J. (1982). Lexical-Functional Grammar: A formal system for grammatical representation. In Joan Bresnan (Ed.), The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relations (pp. 173-281). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Reprinted in Dalrymple, Kaplan, Maxwell and Zaenen (Eds.), Formal Issues in Lexical-Functional Grammar (pp. 29-130). Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information. 1995
Meurers, W. D., Penn, G. and Richter, F. (2002). A Web-Based Instructional Plat-form for Constraint-Based Grammar Formalisms and Parsing. In Dra- gomir Radev & Chris Brew (Eds.), Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching NLP and CL, (pp. 18-25).
Müller, S. (2007). The Grammix CD Rom. A Software Collection for Develo-
ping Typed Feature Structure Grammars. In Tracy Holloway King & Emily
M. Bender (Eds.), Grammar Engineering across Frameworks 2007, Studies in Computational Linguistics ONLINE. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
-O'Hara, K. (2008). A Morphotactic Infrastructure for a Grammar Customiza- tion System, MA Thesis, University of Washington.
-Oepen, S. (2001). [incr tsdb ()] Competence and performance laboratory. Technical report, DFKI, Saarbrucken, Germany
- Owens, J. (1988). The Foundations of Grammar: An Introduction to Medieval Arabic Grammatical Theory. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
- Paroubek, P., Schabes, Y. and Joshi, A. K. (1992). XTAG A Graphical Workbench for Developing Tree-Adjoining Grammars. 4th Conference On Ap- plied NLP (pp. 223-7). Trento.
Penn, G. (2004). Balancing Clarity and Efficiency in Typed Feature Logic Through Delaying. In Proceedings of the 42nd Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL'04), Main Volume, 239-246. Barcelona, Spain.
- Pollard, C. & Sag, 1.A. (1994). Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. Chi- cago: University of Chicago Press.
- Pollard, C. J. & Sag, 1. A. (1987). Information-based Syntax and Semantics, Vol(1). Stanford: CSLI Publications [Distributed by University of Chicago Press].
- Sag, 1. A., Bender, E. and Wasow, T. (2003). Syntactic Theory: A Formal In- troduction, 2nd Edition. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
Sag, I. A. et Wasow, T. (1999). Syntactic Theory: A Formal Introduction. Stanford, CA: CSLI Lecture Notes, CSLI Publications.
Shieber, S.M. (1990). Les grammaires basées sur l'unification. In Miller, P. & Torris, T. (Eds.), Formalismes syntaxiques pour le traitement automatique du langage naturel (pp. 27-85). Hermès.
- Tesnière, L. (1959). Éléments de syntaxe structurale. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck.
The TRALE project: http://milca.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/A4/Course/trale/
The XLE project: http://www2.parc.com/isl/groups/nltt/xle/
- The XTAG project: http://www.cis.upenn.edu/-xtag
- van Eynde, F. (2006). NP-internal agreement and the structure of the noun phrase. Journal of Linguistics, Vol(42), 139-186.
- Zwicky, A. M. (1977), On Clitics. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Lin- guistic Club.
- Zwicky, A. M. (1985). Heads. Journal of Linguistics, Vol(21), 1-29.