عمليات تطوير القواعد الإلكترونية ونماذجها وأدواتها
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منشور:
Jun 19, 2017
الكلمات المفتاحية:
لسانيات حاسوبية - نحو حاسوبي - نظام GSPH
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الملخص
يحاول هذا المقال الكشف عن عملية تطوير الأنحاء الإلكترونية والأدوات المتعلقة بها. تحتاج هذه العملية إلى ثلاثة أصناف من الأدوات: أولا أدوات لسانية تسمح بوصف وتحليل الظاهرة (أو الظواهر اللغوية المدروسة، ثانيا، أدوات صورية من أجل التعبير عن المعارف اللسانية المتحصل عليها في إطار نموذج يسمح بالمعالجة الآلية، ثالثا، أدوات حاسوبية تستعمل توصيفات المعارف الصورية المتحصل عليها في إطار النمذجة داخل برامج حاسوبية حقيقية. ويتوقف اختيار الأدوات المناسبة بالدرجة الأولى على الإطار النظري الذي يعتمد عليه مطورو النحو الذي يمكن أن يكون أنحاء التبعية أو أنحاء المكونات .... كما أن اختيار أنحاء المكونات مثلا يفرض الفصل في الاختيار بين مقاربتي DP و NP في تحليل المركب الاسمي. في هذا المقال ركزنا على بعض الأدوات المقترحة حاليا في إطار افتراض NP وهي مقاييس Zwicky ونحو HPSG ونظام LKB.
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كيفية الاقتباس
معمريم. ف. (2017). عمليات تطوير القواعد الإلكترونية ونماذجها وأدواتها. AL-Lisaniyyat, 23(1), 51-74. https://doi.org/10.61850/allj.v23i1.265
القسم
Articles
المراجع
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- Abeillé, A. & Blache P. (2000). «Grammaires et analyseurs syntaxiques». In J.-M. Pierrel (Ed.), Ingénierie des Langues (pp. 51-76). Paris: Hermès. - Abney, S. P. (1987). The English Noun Phrase in its Sentential Aspect. PhD thesis, MIT, Cambridge, MA.
Anderson, Stephen R. (1988). Morphological Theory. In F. Newmeyer (Ed.), Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey, Vol (1), 146-191. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Bender, E. M. & Flickinger, D. (2005). Rapid prototyping of scalable gram- mars: Towards modularity in extensions to a language-independent core. In Dale R., Wong K. F., Su J. and Kwong O. Y. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing IJCNLP-05 (Posters/Demos) (pp. 203-8). Jeju Island, Korea.
- Bender, E.M., Flickinger, D.P. and Oepen, S. (2002). The grammar matrix: An open-source starter-kit for the rapid development of cross-linguistically consistent broad-coverage precision grammars. In Carroll, J., Oostdijk, N. and Sutcliffe, R. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar En- gineering and Evaluation at the 19th International Conference on Compu- tational Linguistics (pp. 8-14), Taipei, Taiwan.
Blache P. (1999). Contraintes et théories linguistiques: des Grammaires d'Unification aux Grammaires de Propriété. Université Paris 7. Habilita- tion à diriger des recherches.
- Bloomfield, L. (1933). Language. London: Allen and Unwin.
- Butt M., King T. H., Nino M.-E. and Segond F. 1999. A Grammar Writer's Cookbook. In CSLI Lecture Notes, N°95, Stanford, CA: CSLI Publica- tions.
- Chomsky N. (1957). Syntactic structures. La Haye: Mouton.
- Chomsky, N. (1970). Remarks on nominalization. In Jacobs, R. A. & Rosenbaum, P. S. (Eds.), Readings in English Transformational Grammar, chapter (12), 184-221. Waltham, Massachusetts: Ginn and Company.
- Chomsky, N. (1981). Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
- Copestake A. & Flickinger D.P. (2000). An open source grammar develop- ment environment and broad coverage English grammar using HPSG. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation. Athens, Greece.
Copestake A. (2002). Implementing Typed Feature Structure Grammars. In CSLI Lecture Notes, N°110. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications,
- Copestake, A., Flickinger, D., Pollard, C. and Sag, 1. A. (2005). Minimal Re- cursion Semantics: An introduction. Research on Language and Computa- tion, 3 (2-3), 281-332.
Cori, M. (2003). La mathématisation des formalismes syntaxiques, Linx [En ligne], 48, pp.13-28, mis en ligne le 01 octobre 2003. URL: http://linx.re- vues.org/117; DOI: 10.4000/linx.117
- Debusmann R. (2006). Extensible Dependency Grammar: A Modular Gram- mar Formalism Based On Multigraph Description. PhD thesis, Saarland Uni- versity.
- Debusmann R. & Duchier D. (2005). Manual of the XDG Development Kit.
- Drellishak, S. & Bender, E, M. (2005). A Coordination Module for a Cross- linguistic Grammar Resource. In Stefan Müller (Ed.), The Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (pp. 108-128). Stanford: CSLI Publications.
-Gaifman H. (1965). Dependency systems and phrase-structure systems. Infor-
mation and Control, Vol (18), 304-337. - Hays D. (1960). Grouping and dependency theories. Technical report RM- 2646, Rand Corporation.
Hays D. (1964). Dependency theory: A formalism and some observations. Language, 40(4), 511-525.
Joshi, A. K., Levy L. S. and Takahashi M. (1975). Tree Adjunct Grammars. Journal of Computer and Systems Sciences, 10(1), 55-75.
- Joshi, A. K. (1987). An Introduction to Tree Adjoining Grammars. In Manas- ter-Ramer, A. (Ed.), Mathematics of Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Kaplan, R. M. & Maxwell, J. T. (1996). LFG grammar writer's workbench. Technical report, Xerox Corporation. ftp://ftp.parc.xerox.com/pub/lfg.
- Kaplan, R. M. & Bresnan, J. (1982). Lexical-Functional Grammar: A formal system for grammatical representation. In Joan Bresnan (Ed.), The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relations (pp. 173-281). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Reprinted in Dalrymple, Kaplan, Maxwell and Zaenen (Eds.), Formal Issues in Lexical-Functional Grammar (pp. 29-130). Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information. 1995
Meurers, W. D., Penn, G. and Richter, F. (2002). A Web-Based Instructional Plat-form for Constraint-Based Grammar Formalisms and Parsing. In Dra- gomir Radev & Chris Brew (Eds.), Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching NLP and CL, (pp. 18-25).
Müller, S. (2007). The Grammix CD Rom. A Software Collection for Develo-
ping Typed Feature Structure Grammars. In Tracy Holloway King & Emily
M. Bender (Eds.), Grammar Engineering across Frameworks 2007, Studies in Computational Linguistics ONLINE. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
-O'Hara, K. (2008). A Morphotactic Infrastructure for a Grammar Customiza- tion System, MA Thesis, University of Washington.
-Oepen, S. (2001). [incr tsdb ()] Competence and performance laboratory. Technical report, DFKI, Saarbrucken, Germany
- Owens, J. (1988). The Foundations of Grammar: An Introduction to Medieval Arabic Grammatical Theory. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
- Paroubek, P., Schabes, Y. and Joshi, A. K. (1992). XTAG A Graphical Workbench for Developing Tree-Adjoining Grammars. 4th Conference On Ap- plied NLP (pp. 223-7). Trento.
Penn, G. (2004). Balancing Clarity and Efficiency in Typed Feature Logic Through Delaying. In Proceedings of the 42nd Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL'04), Main Volume, 239-246. Barcelona, Spain.
- Pollard, C. & Sag, 1.A. (1994). Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. Chi- cago: University of Chicago Press.
- Pollard, C. J. & Sag, 1. A. (1987). Information-based Syntax and Semantics, Vol(1). Stanford: CSLI Publications [Distributed by University of Chicago Press].
- Sag, 1. A., Bender, E. and Wasow, T. (2003). Syntactic Theory: A Formal In- troduction, 2nd Edition. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
Sag, I. A. et Wasow, T. (1999). Syntactic Theory: A Formal Introduction. Stanford, CA: CSLI Lecture Notes, CSLI Publications.
Shieber, S.M. (1990). Les grammaires basées sur l'unification. In Miller, P. & Torris, T. (Eds.), Formalismes syntaxiques pour le traitement automatique du langage naturel (pp. 27-85). Hermès.
- Tesnière, L. (1959). Éléments de syntaxe structurale. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck.
The TRALE project: http://milca.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/A4/Course/trale/
The XLE project: http://www2.parc.com/isl/groups/nltt/xle/
- The XTAG project: http://www.cis.upenn.edu/-xtag
- van Eynde, F. (2006). NP-internal agreement and the structure of the noun phrase. Journal of Linguistics, Vol(42), 139-186.
- Zwicky, A. M. (1977), On Clitics. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Lin- guistic Club.
- Zwicky, A. M. (1985). Heads. Journal of Linguistics, Vol(21), 1-29.
- Abeillé, A. & Blache P. (2000). «Grammaires et analyseurs syntaxiques». In J.-M. Pierrel (Ed.), Ingénierie des Langues (pp. 51-76). Paris: Hermès. - Abney, S. P. (1987). The English Noun Phrase in its Sentential Aspect. PhD thesis, MIT, Cambridge, MA.
Anderson, Stephen R. (1988). Morphological Theory. In F. Newmeyer (Ed.), Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey, Vol (1), 146-191. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Bender, E. M. & Flickinger, D. (2005). Rapid prototyping of scalable gram- mars: Towards modularity in extensions to a language-independent core. In Dale R., Wong K. F., Su J. and Kwong O. Y. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing IJCNLP-05 (Posters/Demos) (pp. 203-8). Jeju Island, Korea.
- Bender, E.M., Flickinger, D.P. and Oepen, S. (2002). The grammar matrix: An open-source starter-kit for the rapid development of cross-linguistically consistent broad-coverage precision grammars. In Carroll, J., Oostdijk, N. and Sutcliffe, R. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Workshop on Grammar En- gineering and Evaluation at the 19th International Conference on Compu- tational Linguistics (pp. 8-14), Taipei, Taiwan.
Blache P. (1999). Contraintes et théories linguistiques: des Grammaires d'Unification aux Grammaires de Propriété. Université Paris 7. Habilita- tion à diriger des recherches.
- Bloomfield, L. (1933). Language. London: Allen and Unwin.
- Butt M., King T. H., Nino M.-E. and Segond F. 1999. A Grammar Writer's Cookbook. In CSLI Lecture Notes, N°95, Stanford, CA: CSLI Publica- tions.
- Chomsky N. (1957). Syntactic structures. La Haye: Mouton.
- Chomsky, N. (1970). Remarks on nominalization. In Jacobs, R. A. & Rosenbaum, P. S. (Eds.), Readings in English Transformational Grammar, chapter (12), 184-221. Waltham, Massachusetts: Ginn and Company.
- Chomsky, N. (1981). Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
- Copestake A. & Flickinger D.P. (2000). An open source grammar develop- ment environment and broad coverage English grammar using HPSG. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation. Athens, Greece.
Copestake A. (2002). Implementing Typed Feature Structure Grammars. In CSLI Lecture Notes, N°110. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications,
- Copestake, A., Flickinger, D., Pollard, C. and Sag, 1. A. (2005). Minimal Re- cursion Semantics: An introduction. Research on Language and Computa- tion, 3 (2-3), 281-332.
Cori, M. (2003). La mathématisation des formalismes syntaxiques, Linx [En ligne], 48, pp.13-28, mis en ligne le 01 octobre 2003. URL: http://linx.re- vues.org/117; DOI: 10.4000/linx.117
- Debusmann R. (2006). Extensible Dependency Grammar: A Modular Gram- mar Formalism Based On Multigraph Description. PhD thesis, Saarland Uni- versity.
- Debusmann R. & Duchier D. (2005). Manual of the XDG Development Kit.
- Drellishak, S. & Bender, E, M. (2005). A Coordination Module for a Cross- linguistic Grammar Resource. In Stefan Müller (Ed.), The Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (pp. 108-128). Stanford: CSLI Publications.
-Gaifman H. (1965). Dependency systems and phrase-structure systems. Infor-
mation and Control, Vol (18), 304-337. - Hays D. (1960). Grouping and dependency theories. Technical report RM- 2646, Rand Corporation.
Hays D. (1964). Dependency theory: A formalism and some observations. Language, 40(4), 511-525.
Joshi, A. K., Levy L. S. and Takahashi M. (1975). Tree Adjunct Grammars. Journal of Computer and Systems Sciences, 10(1), 55-75.
- Joshi, A. K. (1987). An Introduction to Tree Adjoining Grammars. In Manas- ter-Ramer, A. (Ed.), Mathematics of Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Kaplan, R. M. & Maxwell, J. T. (1996). LFG grammar writer's workbench. Technical report, Xerox Corporation. ftp://ftp.parc.xerox.com/pub/lfg.
- Kaplan, R. M. & Bresnan, J. (1982). Lexical-Functional Grammar: A formal system for grammatical representation. In Joan Bresnan (Ed.), The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relations (pp. 173-281). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Reprinted in Dalrymple, Kaplan, Maxwell and Zaenen (Eds.), Formal Issues in Lexical-Functional Grammar (pp. 29-130). Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information. 1995
Meurers, W. D., Penn, G. and Richter, F. (2002). A Web-Based Instructional Plat-form for Constraint-Based Grammar Formalisms and Parsing. In Dra- gomir Radev & Chris Brew (Eds.), Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching NLP and CL, (pp. 18-25).
Müller, S. (2007). The Grammix CD Rom. A Software Collection for Develo-
ping Typed Feature Structure Grammars. In Tracy Holloway King & Emily
M. Bender (Eds.), Grammar Engineering across Frameworks 2007, Studies in Computational Linguistics ONLINE. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
-O'Hara, K. (2008). A Morphotactic Infrastructure for a Grammar Customiza- tion System, MA Thesis, University of Washington.
-Oepen, S. (2001). [incr tsdb ()] Competence and performance laboratory. Technical report, DFKI, Saarbrucken, Germany
- Owens, J. (1988). The Foundations of Grammar: An Introduction to Medieval Arabic Grammatical Theory. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
- Paroubek, P., Schabes, Y. and Joshi, A. K. (1992). XTAG A Graphical Workbench for Developing Tree-Adjoining Grammars. 4th Conference On Ap- plied NLP (pp. 223-7). Trento.
Penn, G. (2004). Balancing Clarity and Efficiency in Typed Feature Logic Through Delaying. In Proceedings of the 42nd Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL'04), Main Volume, 239-246. Barcelona, Spain.
- Pollard, C. & Sag, 1.A. (1994). Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. Chi- cago: University of Chicago Press.
- Pollard, C. J. & Sag, 1. A. (1987). Information-based Syntax and Semantics, Vol(1). Stanford: CSLI Publications [Distributed by University of Chicago Press].
- Sag, 1. A., Bender, E. and Wasow, T. (2003). Syntactic Theory: A Formal In- troduction, 2nd Edition. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
Sag, I. A. et Wasow, T. (1999). Syntactic Theory: A Formal Introduction. Stanford, CA: CSLI Lecture Notes, CSLI Publications.
Shieber, S.M. (1990). Les grammaires basées sur l'unification. In Miller, P. & Torris, T. (Eds.), Formalismes syntaxiques pour le traitement automatique du langage naturel (pp. 27-85). Hermès.
- Tesnière, L. (1959). Éléments de syntaxe structurale. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck.
The TRALE project: http://milca.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/A4/Course/trale/
The XLE project: http://www2.parc.com/isl/groups/nltt/xle/
- The XTAG project: http://www.cis.upenn.edu/-xtag
- van Eynde, F. (2006). NP-internal agreement and the structure of the noun phrase. Journal of Linguistics, Vol(42), 139-186.
- Zwicky, A. M. (1977), On Clitics. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Lin- guistic Club.
- Zwicky, A. M. (1985). Heads. Journal of Linguistics, Vol(21), 1-29.