Challenging the Free Morpheme and the Equivalence Constraints Counter- Evidence from Algerian Arabic/French Code Switching
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Published:
Jun 25, 2024
Keywords:
Code switching - Grammatical constraints - Intrasentential switching - Morpheme - Syntactic violation.
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Abstract
Within the structural approach to code switching scholarship, linguists’ focus has always been on intra-sentential switching with the aim to formulate grammatical constraints, which govern switching between two different linguistic systems. This paper considered Arabic/French mixed sentences from a structural standpoint and with reference to the free morpheme constraint and the equivalence constraint. The corpus of the study included eighty-nine intra-sentential switches, extracted from different audio-recordings of eight bilingual students. The findings revealed that Arabic-French switching is licensed in different sites within the same sentence/word, and it partially obeys the two constraints. In some cases, the two constraints could perfectly hold. In some other cases, they were invalid nullifying thus universal validity assigned to them earlier by Sankoff and Poplack.
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How to Cite
DJENNANE, T., & Louati, F. (2024). Challenging the Free Morpheme and the Equivalence Constraints Counter- Evidence from Algerian Arabic/French Code Switching. AL-Lisaniyyat, 30(1), 147-158. https://doi.org/10.61850/allj.v30i1.654
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References
Books:
Al-Rowais, Hawazen. (2012). Code switching between Arabic and English, social motivations and structural constraints. Indiana - USA: PhD diss., Ball State University.
Auer, Peter. (2013). Code-switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction and Identity. Routledge - New York.
Belazi, Hedi M., Rubin, Edward J., & Toribio, A. Jacqueline. (1993). Code-switching and X-bar Theory: The Functional Head Constraint. Linguistic Inquiry25(2): 221-237.
Bentahila, Abdelali, & Davies, Eirlys E. (1983). The syntax of Arabic-French code-switching. Lingua59: 301-330.
Berk-Seligson, Susan. (1986). Linguistic constraints on intra-sentential codeswitching: A study of Spanish/Hebrew bilingualism. Language in Society15: 313-348.
Bhatia, Tej. K., & Ritchi, William. C. (2004). Social and Psychological Factors in Language Mixing. In Handbook of Bilingualism . Ed.William C. Ritchie and Tej K. Bhatia.Blackwell Publishing.
Blom, Jan P., & Gumperz, John J. (1972). Social meaning in linguistic structures: Code-switching in Norway. In Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston: Ed.John J. Gumperz & Dell Hymes.
Cooks-Campbell, Allaya. (2022). Code-switching: More common than you think and hurting your team. https://www.betterup.com/blog/code-switching.
Fairchild, Sarah, & Van Hell, Janet G. (2017). Determiner-noun code-switching in Spanish heritage speakers. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition20: 150-161.
McClure, Erica. (1981). Formal and functional aspects of the code-switched discourse of bilingual children. In Latino language and communicative behavior. Ablex: Ed.Richard P. Duran. Norwood, N.J.
Myers Scotton, Carole & Jake,Janice L. (2000). Testing a Model of Morpheme Classification with Language Contact Data. International Journal of Bilingualism4: 1-8.
Myers.Scotton, Carole. (2001). The Matrix Language Frame Model: Developments and Responses. In Trends in Linguistics: Codeswitching Worldwide II. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Ed. Rodolfo Jacobson.
Pandit, I. (1990). Grammaticality in Code-Switching.In Code switching as a Worldwide Phenomenon. New York: Ed.Rodolfo Jacobson.Peter Lang.
Poplack., Shana. (1980). Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in English y terminoen español: Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics18:581-618.
Sankoff, David, & Poplack, Shana. (1981). A formal grammar for code-switching. Papers in Linguistics 14: 3-45.
Turjoman, Mona O. (2016). A New Phenomenon in Saudi Females’ Code-switching: A Morphemic Analysis. Advances in Language and Literary Studies 7: 91-96.
Journal articles:
Grosjean, François. (1982). Life with two languages: An introduction to bilingualism. Harvard University Press .
Gumperz, John J. (1982). Discourse Strategies. Cambridge University Press .
Hamers, Josiane F., & Blanc, Michel H.A. (2000). Bilinguality and Bilingualism. Cambridge University Press .
Joshi, Aravind. (1985). Processing of sentences with intra-sentential code-switching. In Natural language processing: Psychological,computational and theoretical perspectives. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: Ed. David Dowty, LauriKartunnen and Arnold M. Zwicky.
Muysken, Pieter. (2000). Bilingual speech: A typology of code-mixing. Cambridge University Press .
Myers-Scotton, Carole. (1993a). Duelling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Codeswitching. Clarendon Press .
Poplack, Shana, & Marjory, M. (1995). Patterns of language mixture: Nominal structure in Wolof-French and Fongbe-French bilingual discourse. In One Speaker, Two Languages:Cross Disciplinary Perspectives on Code Switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ed.Lesley Milroy & Pieter Muysken.
Al-Rowais, Hawazen. (2012). Code switching between Arabic and English, social motivations and structural constraints. Indiana - USA: PhD diss., Ball State University.
Auer, Peter. (2013). Code-switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction and Identity. Routledge - New York.
Belazi, Hedi M., Rubin, Edward J., & Toribio, A. Jacqueline. (1993). Code-switching and X-bar Theory: The Functional Head Constraint. Linguistic Inquiry25(2): 221-237.
Bentahila, Abdelali, & Davies, Eirlys E. (1983). The syntax of Arabic-French code-switching. Lingua59: 301-330.
Berk-Seligson, Susan. (1986). Linguistic constraints on intra-sentential codeswitching: A study of Spanish/Hebrew bilingualism. Language in Society15: 313-348.
Bhatia, Tej. K., & Ritchi, William. C. (2004). Social and Psychological Factors in Language Mixing. In Handbook of Bilingualism . Ed.William C. Ritchie and Tej K. Bhatia.Blackwell Publishing.
Blom, Jan P., & Gumperz, John J. (1972). Social meaning in linguistic structures: Code-switching in Norway. In Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston: Ed.John J. Gumperz & Dell Hymes.
Cooks-Campbell, Allaya. (2022). Code-switching: More common than you think and hurting your team. https://www.betterup.com/blog/code-switching.
Fairchild, Sarah, & Van Hell, Janet G. (2017). Determiner-noun code-switching in Spanish heritage speakers. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition20: 150-161.
McClure, Erica. (1981). Formal and functional aspects of the code-switched discourse of bilingual children. In Latino language and communicative behavior. Ablex: Ed.Richard P. Duran. Norwood, N.J.
Myers Scotton, Carole & Jake,Janice L. (2000). Testing a Model of Morpheme Classification with Language Contact Data. International Journal of Bilingualism4: 1-8.
Myers.Scotton, Carole. (2001). The Matrix Language Frame Model: Developments and Responses. In Trends in Linguistics: Codeswitching Worldwide II. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Ed. Rodolfo Jacobson.
Pandit, I. (1990). Grammaticality in Code-Switching.In Code switching as a Worldwide Phenomenon. New York: Ed.Rodolfo Jacobson.Peter Lang.
Poplack., Shana. (1980). Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in English y terminoen español: Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics18:581-618.
Sankoff, David, & Poplack, Shana. (1981). A formal grammar for code-switching. Papers in Linguistics 14: 3-45.
Turjoman, Mona O. (2016). A New Phenomenon in Saudi Females’ Code-switching: A Morphemic Analysis. Advances in Language and Literary Studies 7: 91-96.
Journal articles:
Grosjean, François. (1982). Life with two languages: An introduction to bilingualism. Harvard University Press .
Gumperz, John J. (1982). Discourse Strategies. Cambridge University Press .
Hamers, Josiane F., & Blanc, Michel H.A. (2000). Bilinguality and Bilingualism. Cambridge University Press .
Joshi, Aravind. (1985). Processing of sentences with intra-sentential code-switching. In Natural language processing: Psychological,computational and theoretical perspectives. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: Ed. David Dowty, LauriKartunnen and Arnold M. Zwicky.
Muysken, Pieter. (2000). Bilingual speech: A typology of code-mixing. Cambridge University Press .
Myers-Scotton, Carole. (1993a). Duelling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Codeswitching. Clarendon Press .
Poplack, Shana, & Marjory, M. (1995). Patterns of language mixture: Nominal structure in Wolof-French and Fongbe-French bilingual discourse. In One Speaker, Two Languages:Cross Disciplinary Perspectives on Code Switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ed.Lesley Milroy & Pieter Muysken.