Les Dyslexies Développementales
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Résumé
Cet article propose une revue de la littérature scientifique sur l’origine cognitive et neurobiologique des troubles dyslexiques en insistant sur les similarités et différences inter-langues et en intégrant les données issues des études portant sur la langue arabe. L’apprentissage de la lecture est plus ou moins facile selon les langues et les manifestations d’une dyslexie ne sont pas les mêmes selon la langue. Les dyslexiques ont du mal à développer les capacités de décodage qui sont le socle permettant à termes d’aboutir à une lecture fluente, une bonne compréhension des textes et le plaisir de lire. Des difficultés de décodage peuvent résulter soit d’un déficit de la conscience phonémique en lien avec un dysfonctionnement cérébral périsylvien gauche, soit d’un déficit de l’empan visuo-attentionnel associé à un dysfonctionnement des lobules pariétaux supérieurs. Des entraînements ciblant les déficits cognitifs sous-jacents sont efficaces pour améliorer le niveau de lecture des enfants dyslexiques.
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