Person Approach To Personal Passive In Standard Arabic*
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Published:
Jun 19, 2017
Keywords:
Personal passives morphological/periphrastic passive - implicit argu- ments person Case bundles Agree A-movement generic pro - standard Arabic mono-/di-transitive passive constructions.
Main Article Content
Abstract
We develop a novel approach to personal passive in Standard Arabic (SA), building on 'implicit arguments' and the Person feature associated with the passive morphology (PM) attached to the verb. We propose that the PM is projected as a PassP (Passive Phrase), headed by Pass which has a Person (Prsn) feature which counts as an EPP feature. The article provides an Agree analysis of passive and the distribution passive arguments. We propose that both arguments are merged in their canonical positions:pro, i.e. the external argument, is merged as a specifier of vP, hence valuing its 0-role of agent and Case. Assuming that pro in personal passives is generic/indefinite, it is referentially 'weak, and thus it cannot value Pass's Prsn feature. Pass, then, probes for the only DP in its domain, i.e., the internal argument (or the (passive) syntactic sub- ject (henceforth, Syn-subj)), and triggers it to remerge in its Spec. It is also assumed that this 'remerging' is an A-movement, based on the fact that Spec-PassP is an A-position. In Spec-PassP, the Syn-subj values T's -features. T's EPP is assumed to be satisfied via V-raising to T.
Article Details
How to Cite
Shormani, M. (2017). Person Approach To Personal Passive In Standard Arabic*. AL-Lisaniyyat, 23(2), 85-134. https://doi.org/10.61850/allj.v23i2.290
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Articles
References
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Benmamoun, Elabbas. 1999, Arabic morphology: The central role of the im- perfective. Lingua 108. 175-201
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Blevins, James. 2003. Passives and impersonals. Journal of Linguistics 39. 473-520.
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Frajzyngier, Zygmunt. 1982, Indefinite agent, passive and impersonal passive: A functional study. Lingua 58, 267-290,
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Haegeman, Liliane. 1994. Introduction to government and binding theory. (2nd Ed.) Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell.
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Jacggli, Osvaldo. 1986, Passive. Linguistic Inquiry 17:4.587-622.
Kiparsky, Paul. 2013. Towards a null theory of the passive. Lingua 125, 7-33.
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Baker, Mark, Kyle Johnson and Ian Roberts. 1989. Passive arguments raised. Linguistic Inquiry 20:2. 219-251.
Benmamoun, Elabbas. 1999. Spec-head agreement and overt Case in Ara- bic. In David Adger, Susan Pintzuk, Bernadette Plunkett and George Tsoulas (eds.), Specifiers: Minimalist approaches, 110-125. Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press.
Benmamoun, Elabbas. 1999, Arabic morphology: The central role of the im- perfective. Lingua 108. 175-201
Benmamoun, Elabbas, 2000. The feature structure of functional categories. A Comparative study of Arabic dialects. Oxford University Press.
Blevins, James. 2003. Passives and impersonals. Journal of Linguistics 39. 473-520.
Bobaljik, Jonathan and Susi Wurmbrand. 2007. Case in P&P/Minimalism. ms, University of Connecticut. http://www.wurmbrand.uconn.edu/Papers/ Case.pdf. (accessed on 16 April 2014).
Boeckx, Cedric. 2003. Islands and chains: resumption as stranding. Benja- mins: Amsterdam.
Borer, Hagit. 1995. The ups and downs of Hebrew verb movement. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 13. 527-606.
Bošković, Željko, 1998, LF-movement and the minimalist program. Procee- dings of NELS 28. 43-57. http://www.web.uconn.edu/boskovic/papers/LF- movementa.pdf. (accessed on 14 August 2015).
Bošković, Željko, 2005. On the locality of Move and Agree: Eliminating the Activation Condition, and the Phase-Impenetrability Condition. ms., Univer- sity of Connecticut.
Bruening, Benjamin. 2011. Pseudopassives, expletive passives, and loca- tive inversion. ms., University of Delaware. http://www.udel.edu/-bruening Downloads/PseudopassArticle1.pdf. (accessed on 7 December 2014).
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Bruening, Benjamin. 2014. Word formation is syntactic: adjectival passives in English. Natural Language Linguist Theory 30. 1185-1230.
Burzio, Luigi, 1986. Italian syntax: A government-binding approach. Dordre- cht: Reidel.
Cardinaletti, Anna. 1990. Subject/object asymmetries in German null-topic constructions and the status of specCP. In Joan Mascaró and Marina Nespor (eds.), Grammar in Progress, 75-84. Dordrecht: Foris,
- Cardinaletti, Anna. 1995. Subjects and Clause Structure. In Liliane Haegeman (cd.), The New Comparative Syntax, 33-63. London: Longman.
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Chomsky, Noam, 1981. Lechres on government and binding. Foris, Dor- drecht
Chomsky, Noam, 1986. Barriers. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam. 1991. Some notes on economy of derivation and represen- tation. In Freidin Robert (ed.), Principles and Parameters in Comparative Grammar, 417-454. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam. 1995a. The minimalist program. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam. 1995b. Bare phrase structure. Evolution and Revolution. In Héctor Campos and Paula Kempchinsky (eds.), Linguistic Theory, 51-107. Georgetown University Press.
Chomsky, Noam. 2000. Minimalist inquiries. In Roger Martin, David Mi- chaels and Juan Uriagereka (eds.), Step by step: Essays on minimalist syntax in honor of Howard Lasnik, 89-155. Cambridge: MIT Press,
Chomsky, Noam, 2001. Derivation by phase. In Michael Kenstowicz (ed.), Ken Hale: A Life in Language, 1-52. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam. 2008. On phases. In Robert Freidin, Carlos Otero and Maria Zubizarreta (eds.), Foundational issues in linguistic theory. Essays in honor of Jean-Roger Vergnaud, 133-166. Cambridge, MAA: MIT Press.
Cinque, Guglielmo, 2006. Restructuring and functional heads. The Cartogra- phy of Syntactic Structures 4. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cinque, Guglielmo and Luigi Rizzi. 2010, The Cartography of syntactic struc- tures. In Bernd Heine and Heiko Narrog (eds.) The Oxford handbook of gram- matical analysis, 51-65. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Citko, Barbara. 2014. Phase Theory: an Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cocchi, Gloria, 2008. Bantu verbal extensions: a cartographic approach. In Vincenzo Moscati and Emilio Servidio (eds.), Proceedings XXXV Incontro di Grammatica Generativa Università di Siena [Studies in Linguistics 31. 90- 103.
Collins, Chris, 2005. A smuggling approach to passive in English. Syntax 8:2 81-120.
- Danks, Warwick, 2011. The Arabic Verb: Form and Meaning in the Vow- el-Lengthening Patterns. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Demirdache, Hamida. 1988. Nominative NPs in modern standard Arabic. ms., MIT.
Demirdache, Hamida. 1991. Resumptive chains in restrictive relatives, appo- sitives, and dislocation structures. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, MIT.
Embick, David. 1998. Voice systems and the syntax-morphology interface. In Heidi Harley (ed.), The Proceedings of the Penn and MIT workshop on aspect, argument structure, and events, May 1997. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 32. Cambridge MA, MIT: MIT Working Papers in Linguistics. 41-72.
Embick, David. 2004. Unaccusative syntax and verbal Alternation. In Artemis Alexiadou, Hagit Borer and Florian Schäfer (eds.), The syntax of roots and the roots of syntax. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 137-159.
Fassi Fehri, Abdelkader. 2012. Key feature and parameters in Arabic gram- mar. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Fox, Danny. 2000. Economy and semantic interpretation. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Frajzyngier, Zygmunt. 1982, Indefinite agent, passive and impersonal passive: A functional study. Lingua 58, 267-290,
- Goodall, Grant. 1993. On Case and the passive morpheme. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 11.31-44.
Haegeman, Liliane. 1994. Introduction to government and binding theory. (2nd Ed.) Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell.
Harley, Heidi, 2013. External arguments and the Mirror Principle: On the dis- tinctness of Voice and v. Lingua 125, 34-57.
Holmberg, Anders. 2005. Is there a little pro? evidence from Finnish. Linguis- tic Inquiry 36:4. 533-564.
Holmberg, Anders. 2010. Null subject parameters, In Theresa Biberauer, An- ders Holmberg, lan Roberts, Michelle Sheehan. Parametric variation: null subjects in minimalist theory, 88-124. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hornstein, Norbert. 1999. Movement and control. Linguistic Inquiry 30, 69- 96.
Jacggli, Osvaldo. 1986, Passive. Linguistic Inquiry 17:4.587-622.
Kiparsky, Paul. 2013. Towards a null theory of the passive. Lingua 125, 7-33.
Kratzer, Angelika. 1996. Severing the external argument from its verb. In Jo- han Rooryck and Laurie Zaring (eds.), Phrase Structure, the Lexicon, 109- 137. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Kratzer, Angelika. 2009. Making a pronoun: Fake indexicals as windows into the properties of pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry 40.187-237.
Laks, Lior. 2009. The formation of Arabic passive verbs: lexical or syntactic? Proceedings of I4T1, 25. http://www.linguistics.huji.ac.il/1ATL/25/Laks.pdf. (accessed on 17 July 2015).
Lappin, Shalom and Ur Shlonsky, 1993. Impersonal passives. Journal of Lin- guistics 31.5-24.
- Larson, Richard. 1988. On the double object construction. Linguistic Inquiry 19.335-391.
Lasnik, Howard. 2003. Minimalist investigations in linguistic theory. Rout- ledge Ltd.
Legate, Julie. 2003. Some interface properties of the phase. Linguistic Inquiry 34, 506-516.
Mahajan, Anoop. 2003. Word order and (remnant) VP movement. In Simin Karimi (ed.), Word order and scrambling, 217-237. Oxford: Blackwell.
Majdi, Basim. 1990. Word order and proper government in Classical Arabic. In Mushira Eid (ed.), Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics 1, 155-172, Ams- terdam: John Benjamins.
Maling, Juan. 2006. From passive to active. Syntactic change in progress in Icelandic. In Benjamin Lyngfelt/Torgrim Solstad (eds.), Demoting the agent, 191-223. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Maling, Juan and Sigríður Sigurjónsdóttir (2002) The new impersonal construction in Icelandic. The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 5. 97-142.
Marantz, Alec. 1997. No escape from syntax: Don't try morphological analy- sis in the privacy of your own lexicon (http://www.uni-leipzig.de/-muellerg/ dm2.pdf). (accessed on 12 July 2014),
gv. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, MIT.
McCarthy, John. 1981. A prosodic theory of non-concatenative morphology. Linguistic Inquiry 12. 373-418.
McCloskey, James. 2000. Quantifier float and wh-movement in an Irish Engli- sh. Linguistic Inquiry 31.57-84.
McCloskey, James. 2007. The grammar of autonomy in Irish. Natural Lan- guage and Linguistic Theory 254. 825-857.
Merchant, Jason. 2015. How much content is enough? Two cases of span-condi- tioned allomorphy. Linguistic Inquiry46.273-303.
Mohammad, Mohammad. 1990. The problem of subject-verb agreement in Arabic: towards a solution. In, Mushira Eid (ed.), Perspectives in Arabic Lin- guistics 1, 95-125. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Mohammad, Mohammad. 2000. Word order, agreement and pronominaliza- tion in standard Arabic. Amsterdam: John Benjamins,
Olarrea, Antxon, 1996. Pre and Postverbal subject positions in Spanish: Mi- nimalist account. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Washington.
- Ouhalla, Jamal. 1991. Functional categories and parametric variation. Lon- don: Routledge Ltd.
Picroni, Silvia. 2000. Agents in Latin impersonal passives, Mnemosyne Fourth Series 533, 288-301.
Platzack, Christer. 2004. Agreement and the person phrase hypothesis, Wor- king Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 73. 83-112.
Plunkett, Bernadette. 1993. The Position of subjects in modern standard Ara- bic. In Mushira Eid and Clive Holes (eds.), Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics 231-260. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Radford, Andrew. 1997. Syntax: minimalist introduction. Cambridge: Cam- bridge University press.
Radford, Andrew. 2009, Analyzing English sentences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Reinhart, Tanya and Tal Siloni. 2005. The Lexicon-syntax parameter: Reflexi- vization and other arity operations. Linguistic Inquiry 36. 389-436.
Rizzi, Luigi, 1982. Issues in Italian syntax. Dordrecht: Foris.
- Rizzi, Luigi (1986) Null objects in Italian and the theory of pro. Linguistic Inquiry 17. 501-557.
Rizzi, Luigi (ed.) (2004) The cartography of syntactic structures, 2. The Struc- ture of CP and IP. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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